results of poverty

A tale of two economies...

Elasticity...

The joy of saving...

9 Common Effects of Inflation...

1. Erodes Purchasing Power

2. Encourages Spending and Investing

3. Causes More Inflation

4. Raises the Cost of Borrowing

5. Lowers the Cost of Borrowing

6. Reduces Unemployment

7. Increases Growth

8. Reduces Employment and Growth

9. Weakens (or Strengthens) the Currency

By David Floyd | Updated February 14, 2018 — 12:35 PM EST

https://www.investopedia.com/news/

What’s the Future of Work?

The robots are coming! A Pew Research Center survey found that 72% of Americans are concerned about robots and computers taking jobs currently done by humans—though just 2% report having actually lost a job to automation.

In a conversation with Yale Insights last year, Yale SOM labor economist Lisa Kahn said that the effects of automation are already being felt throughout the economy. In fact, the Great Recession likely accelerated the process, both by slowing demand, giving firms a chance to retool without losing sales, and by providing an excuse to lay off unproductive workers.

“We have seen the influences of automation in almost every pocket of the labor market, from the very low end of the skill spectrum to the very high end,” she said. “The future of labor essentially comes down to, where are computers going to replace us and where are computers going to augment us?”

JEFF SCHWARTZ  

 NOVEMBER 08, 2017

https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/what-s-the-future-of-work

Economy of China

China's socialist market economy is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP, and the world's largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the IMF, although China's National Bureau of Statistics rejects this claim. Until 2015 China was the world's fastest-growing major economy, with growth rates averaging 10% over 30 years. Due to historical and political facts of China's developing economy, China's public sector accounts for a bigger share of the national economy than the burgeoning private sector. 

China is a global hub for manufacturing, and is the largest manufacturing economy in the world as well as the largest exporter of goods in the world. China is also the world's fastest growing consumer market and second largest importer of goods in the world. China is a net importer of services products.

China is the largest trading nation in the world and plays the most important role in international trade, and has increasingly engaged in trade organizations and treaties in recent years. China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001. China also has free trade agreements with several nations, including Australia, South Korea,ASEAN, New Zealand, Switzerland and Pakistan.^[

On a per capita income basis, China ranked 72nd by nominal GDP and 84th by GDP (PPP) in 2015, according to theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF). The provinces in the coastal regions of China tend to be more industrialized, while regions in the hinterland are less developed. As China's economic importance has grown, so has attention to the structure and health of the economy.

Source:(en.wikipedia.org)

$21.3 trillion (PPP; 2016)[
GDP rank	2nd (nominal); 1st (PPP)
GDP growth	6.9% (2015) 7.3% (2014)[
GDP per capita	$9,000 (nominal; 2016) $16,000 (PPP; 2016)[
GDP per capita rank	73rd (nominal); 84th (PPP)
GDP by sector	agriculture: 9%, industry: 40.5%, services: 50.5% (2015)[5]
Inflation (CPI)	1.4%(2015)[6]
Population belowpoverty line	5.1% (2015)
Gini coefficient	46.2 (2015)
Labour force	807 million (1st; 2015)[7]
Labour force by occupation	agriculture: 29.5%, industry: 29.9%, services: 40.6% (2014)
Unemployment	4.05% (2015)[8]
Average gross salary	$9,000, annual (2016)
Average net salary	$6,000, annual (2016)[9]
Main industries	mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, aircraft and other vehicles; telecommunication and industruial equipment; machinery; heavy engineering; commercial space launch vehicles, satellites, manufacturing
Ease-of-doing-business rank	90th (2015)[10]
External
Exports	$2.3 trillion (2015[11])
Export goods	Electrical and other machinery, including data processing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron and steel, optical and medical equipment, as well as almost every single category of industrial products.
Main export partners	United States 16.9%  Hong Kong 15.5%  Japan 6.4%  South Korea 4.3% (2014 est.)[12]
Imports	$1.7 trillion (2015[11])
Import goods	Electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, plastics, organic chemicals
Main import partners	South Korea 9.7%  Japan 8.3%  United States 8.1%  Taiwan 7.8%  Germany 5.4%  Australia 5% (2014 est.)[13]
FDI stock	$1.3 trillion (2012)[14]
Gross external debt	$0.9 trillion (2013)
Public finances
Public debt	16.7% of GDP (2015 est.)[15]
Revenues	$2.1 trillion (2013 est.)
Expenses	$2.3 trillion (2013 est.)
Credit rating	AA- (Domestic) AA- (Foreign) AA- (T&C Assessment) (Standard & Poor's)[16]
Foreign reserves	$3.3 trillion (1st; March 2015)[17]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The Global Cost of Mental Illness

By Thomas Insel on September 28, 2011

The economic costs of mental illness have never been easy to pin down. The costs of mental health care can be estimated much the way we estimate other health care costs. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, cites a cost of $57.5B in 2006 for mental health care in the U.S., equivalent to the cost of cancer care.2 But unlike cancer, much of the economic burden of mental illness is not the cost of care, but the loss of income due to unemployment, expenses for social supports, and a range of indirect costs due to a chronic disability that begins early in life.

A report last week from the World Economic Forum (WEF)  attempts to capture the costs of several classes of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and projects the economic burden through 2030. Recognizing there is no ideal method, the authors adopted three approaches to estimate global economic burden: (a) a standard cost of illness method, (b) macroeconomic simulation, and (c) the value of a statistical life. The results of all three methods project staggering costs over the next two decades, with cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, diabetes, and mental health representing a cumulative output loss of $47T, roughly 75% of the global GDP in 2010.

Source:(www.nimh.nih.gov)

Types of money

The word "money" is believed to originate from a temple of Juno, on Capitoline, one of Rome's seven hills. In the ancient world Juno was often associated with money. The temple of Juno Moneta at Rome was the place where the mint of Ancient Rome was located.^[10] The name "Juno" may derive from the Etruscan goddess Uni (which means "the one", "unique", "unit", "union", "united") and "Moneta" either from the Latin word "monere" (remind, warn, or instruct) or the Greek word "moneres" (alone, unique).

In the Western world, a prevalent term for coin-money has been specie, stemming from Latin in specie, meaning 'in kind'.

In Money and the Mechanism of Exchange (1875), William Stanley Jevons famously analyzed money in terms of four functions: amedium of exchange, a common measure of value (or unit of account), a standard of value (or standard of deferred payment), and a store of value. By 1919, Jevons's four functions of money were summarized in the couplet:

Money's a matter of functions four,

A Medium, a Measure, a Standard, a Store.

This couplet would later become widely popular in macroeconomics textbooks.

Source:(www.en.wikipedia.org)

history of Pepsi company

PepsiCo, Inc. (stylized as PEPSICO) is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York. PepsiCo has interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which have included an acquisition of Tropicana Products in 1998 and the Quaker Oats Company in 2001, which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio.As of January 26, 2012, 22 of PepsiCo's brands generated retail sales of more than $1 billion apiece,^[2] and the company's products were distributed across more than 200 countries, resulting in annual net revenues of $43.3 billion. Based on net revenue, PepsiCo is the second largest food and beverage business in the world. Within North America, PepsiCo is the largest food and beverage business by net revenue. Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyihas been the chief executive of PepsiCo since 2006. The company's beverage distribution and bottling is conducted by PepsiCo as well as by licensed bottlers in certain regions. Approximately 274,000 employees^[3] generated $66.415 billion in revenue as of PepsiCo, Inc. (stylized as PEPSICO) is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York. PepsiCo has interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which have included an acquisition of Tropicana Products in 1998 and the Quaker Oats Company in 2001, which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo

2013

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history of coca-cola company

Coca-Cola® originated as a soda fountain beverage in 1886 selling for five cents a glass. Early growth was impressive, but it was only when a strong bottling system developed that Coca-Cola became the world-famous brand it is today.

1894 … A modest start for a bold idea
In a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage called Coca-Cola impressed the store's owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Cola to sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson.

Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Colabe bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales.

1899 … The first bottling agreement
Two young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States (specifically excluding Vicksburg) -- for the sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton, soon joined their venture.

1900-1909 … Rapid growth
The three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909, nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them family-owned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months when demand was high.

1916 … Birth of the contour bottle
Bottlers worried that the straight-sided bottle for Coca-Cola was easily confused with imitators. A group representing the Company and bottlers asked glass manufacturers to offer ideas for a distinctive bottle. A design from the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana won enthusiastic approval in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. The contour bottle became one of the few packages ever granted trademark status by the U.S. Patent Office. Today, it's one of the most recognized icons in the world - even in the dark!

1920s … Bottling overtakes fountain sales
As the 1920s dawned, more than 1,000 Coca-Cola bottlers were operating in the U.S. Their ideas and zeal fueled steady growth. Six-bottle cartons were a huge hit after their 1923 introduction. A few years later, open-top metal coolers became the forerunners of automated vending machines. By the end of the 1920s, bottle sales of Coca-Colaexceeded fountain sales.

1920s and 30s … International expansion
Led by longtime Company leader Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy, Peru, Spain, Australia and South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled in 44 countries.

1940s … Post-war growth
During the war, 64 bottling plants were set up around the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower's base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company's worldwide business.

1950s … Packaging innovations
For the first time, consumers had choices of Coca-Cola package size and type -- the traditional 6.5-ounce contour bottle, or larger servings including 10-, 12- and 26-ounce versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960.

1960s … New brands introduced
Following Fanta® in the 1950s, Sprite®, Minute Maid®, Fresca® and TaB® joined brand Coca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb® and Mello Yello® were added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke® and Cherry Coke®, followed by POWERADE® and DASANI® in the 1990s. Today hundreds of other brands are offered to meet consumer preferences in local markets around the world.

1970s and 80s … Consolidation to serve customers
As technology led to a global economy, the retailers who sold Coca-Cola merged and evolved into international mega-chains. Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers.

1990s … New and growing markets
Political and economic changes opened vast markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. And as the century closed, more than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa.

21st Century …
The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as people seek brands that honor local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation on which the entire business grows. http://www.coca-colacompany.com/

history of Boeing company